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Distributed Virtual Worlds System

Abstract

We have developed an object model that facilitates the development of shared virtual environments. We have implemented our object model on top of COM and OLE Automation and facilitated access from Active Scripting enabled languages. This paper provides a brief description of the work we have done on the V-Worlds project.

1. Introduction

Virtual reality is a user-interface paradigm in which the user feels immersed in a computer-generated space. Two aspects of this feeling of immersion have been discussed: simulating the sensory experience of being in a space, and the non-sensory aspect of presenting the user with consistent structure and action. The sensory aspect has been pursued by research and development in 3D computer graphics and display technology. Some currently popular computer games have demonstrated immersive 3D graphical interfaces on personal computers available to the general public.

We use the term virtual world for virtual reality systems that allow multiple users to interact in the same space. Adding multiple users to VR creates a number of interesting new problems. Networking with multiple clients is obviously necessary, and in some cases the technology of distributed databases may be required to support a multi-user VR system. The interface now requires social functionality for talking and gesturing. The graphical presentation of the space must allow a group of people to interact socially and see one another's actions and responses. Security is an issue, especially if the system allows users to build and program within the world.

Current work on multi-user VR systems can be divided into graphical chat systems, characterized by static spaces and transient user identity and persistent worlds with dynamic spaces, movable objects and permanent user identities. Two very different kinds of systems have pioneered the development of large-scale virtual worlds: military simulation networks, and text-based multi-user worlds known as MUDs. SIMNET is based on vehicle and flight simulators that generate real-time 3D images of a virtual world. A peer-to-peer network protocol allows these simulators to display other users' vehicles and projectiles during virtual battle simulations.

MUDs maintain long-term persistent worlds in a central object server; these worlds are accessed via clients similar in appearance to the old text adventure computer games. Having existed for almost twenty years, MUDs are a rich source of experience about the structural aspects of virtual worlds. Some MUDs have been in continuous operation for ten years and have on the order of 10,000 subscribed users, so there is also considerable experience about the sociology of on-line worlds. We've drawn more extensively from the technology of MUDs than from graphical VR systems and standards, because we are explicitly interested in supporting the structural and social mechanisms found in MUDs.

The thesis gives a well-researched history and analysis of MUDs. Early multi-user combat/adventure games appeared in the late 1970s, and by the mid 1980s, some of them had abandoned actual game play and enhanced user communication and self-expression, becoming what are now called social MUDs. The TinyMUD and the Habitat system by Farmer and Morningstar were good examples of purely social MUDs. Habitat was distinguished by a 2D graphical interface, and TinyMUD was the first system to give users extensive abilities to build new places and objects in the world. Stephen White developed the TinyMUCK and the MOO systems, extensions to TinyMUD that allowed users to write scripts controlling objects. The MOO was developed further by researchers at Xerox PARC. In the meantime, combat/adventure MUDs have also evolved, and servers like the LPMUD have essentially the same technical capabilities as the most advanced social MUDs.

An object-oriented MUD, like White and Curtis' MOO, is a network database server which stores objects having properties and methods. The topology of the space is defined by "room" objects, representing discrete locations, interconnected by portal objects. Each room has descriptive text which users read to situate themselves in the location. Portals with names like "north", "climb", "trapdoor", connect one location to another and may print text to embellish the user's experience of movement and/or announce someone's entrance or exit to others. MUDs are non-Cartesian, meaning they are not limited by any geometric constraint on the spatial arrangement of rooms. For example, a portal named "sleep" could connect a bedroom to a collection of dream-world locations.

Objects in a MOO can also represent things located in a room, and objects called "players" or "avatars" represent the user's character in the world. Users in the same room are able to talk by typing text and reading the text that others type. Each MUD room is superficially similar to an Internet chat room or IRC channel, but the description of structure and actions repeatedly suggest to the user that they are the avatar, acting in a virtual space.

Our most fundamental departure from MUDs is the support of a graphical view of the virtual world. The medium of text is certainly not inferior to graphics, and in fact many types of MUD experiences would be difficult to reproduce visually. However, the textual descriptions of MUDs limit the speed with which a large amount of interesting information about the world's structure can be conveyed. A graphical world is simply a different user experience, in the same way that a movie is a different way of seeing a story than reading a book. We believe it will be a more accessible experience, and we want to explore the possibilities of this new medium.

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